- equator
- The imaginary line halfway between the North and South Poles, at 0° latitude.
- prime meridian
- The line of 0° longitude used as the starting point for measuring east and west.
- latitude
- How far north or south a place is from the equator, measured in degrees.
- longitude
- How far east or west a place is from the prime meridian, measured in degrees.
- hemisphere
- One half of Earth, divided by the equator or the prime meridian and its opposite meridian.
- map scale
- The relationship between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
- contour line
- A line on a map connecting points at the same elevation.
- elevation
- The height of a place above a stated reference level, usually mean sea level.
- island
- An area of land surrounded by water.
- archipelago
- A group or chain of islands.
- peninsula
- Land that projects into water and remains connected to a larger land area.
- isthmus
- A narrow strip of land joining two larger land areas, with water on either side.
- cape
- A point of land projecting into a body of water.
- valley
- A low area between higher ground, often with a river running through it.
- ridge
- A long, narrow area of high ground.
- plateau
- A broad area of high land with a relatively level surface.
- plain
- A broad area of relatively level land.
- strait
- A narrow water passage connecting two larger bodies of water.
- bay
- A part of a sea or lake that curves into the surrounding land.
- gulf
- A large coastal inlet where a sea or ocean extends into the land.
- estuary
- A coastal water area where river freshwater mixes with seawater.
- delta
- Land built from sediment deposited near a river's mouth, often where the river splits into channels.
- tributary
- A stream or river that flows into a larger river or lake.
- confluence
- The place where two flowing bodies of water meet.
- river mouth
- The place where a river flows into a sea, lake, or another river.
- drainage basin
- The land area whose water drains into a particular river system.
- watershed divide
- Higher ground separating two neighbouring drainage basins.
- lagoon
- A shallow body of water separated from a larger sea by a reef or narrow strip of land.
